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Citation

Why do we need to quote?

  • To enforce copyright and citation ethics.
  • We demonstrate our own knowledge of the topic, and we have studied a relevant number of sources for our work.
  • We allow the possibility of verifying the stated thesis, our work has credibility.
  • We provide links to further literature on the topic, interested parties can expand their knowledge.
  • We place our work in a broader context.
  • Citing literature enhances academic prestige.

Offences against citation ethics and plagiarism

Plagiarism does not always have to be involved, but these situations should still be avoided.

  • We do not cite the work from which we have drawn - every source from which we have used even one sentence or idea must be acknowledged in the notes.
  • We cite a work we did not use - we may have accidentally included a source we did not end up drawing from, but we may also be ostensibly increasing the number of sources to make our work seem more credible and of higher quality.
  • We cite our own works, even though they have nothing to do with the new work - the more references to our work, the more academic prestige.
  • The source is misquoted, the citation is inaccurate, incomplete (original sources cannot be traced), out of context, unmarked in the text, etc.

Plagiarism and citation ethics go hand in hand.

Plagiarism occurs when we "borrow" another author's work and pass it off as our own ideas. This can be the whole work or part of it. We edit a few words in the copied text, create a compilation from one or more sources, etc., all without crediting the author of the original source.

However, plagiarism can now be detected more easily thanks to anti-plagiarism systems.

How to cite?...

So how do I cite in order to follow all the rules and not commit plagiarism?

  • Cite all sources used, including figures, graphs, and any documents you have drawn from or taken something from.
  • Cite everything properly and accurately.
  • Clearly label all ideas, sections of text, etc. taken.
  • Make proper references and annotate everything.
Paraphrase - an idea that we adapt to our own words. We do not need to distinguish it in the text, but we must refer to the original source.

Quote - an idea that we take verbatim into our own text. It needs to be distinguished graphically (quotation marks, italics) and we need to refer to the original source.

Biliographic citation - information about the source used, recorded according to the rules of a citation standard (e.g. ISO 690) so that the document can be clearly identified.

Basic requirements for citations

  • Make notes continuously; it is easy to forget later what and where you have taken.
  • The source used must be clearly identifiable from our citation.
  • All mandatory information that we can trace in the document must be included in the citation. Please do not make up any information you do not find. If something is missing, it must be omitted. Please take care when taking notes. The order of the data is determined by the standard.
  • Cite exactly the document you have used (do not confuse e.g. a printed book with an electronic version). If you really feel it necessary to add a detail that is not in the document but that you have found elsewhere and that you think is necessary to identify the document, put it in square brackets.
  • When using the citation generator, be sure to check the resulting citation.

Citation styles

There are hundreds of styles and standards that specify what the resulting citation should look like. If you are unsure, check with your instructor which style is preferred.
The ISO 690 citation standard is widely used in the country. For a detailed introduction to it, you can use its interpretation at citation. com

ISO 690 in-text referencing methods

In-text notes: when using this method, you refer to the source after the quoted text using the number in the superscript.⁶ The footnote then lists the citation record with the appropriate number. The reference list at the end of the paper is arranged alphabetically.

Author and date. (Author, 1999) The list of references at the end of the paper is arranged alphabetically.

Numerical reference: At the end of the citation, we insert a number in parentheses to indicate the order in which the document was first cited. (9) The reference list at the end of the thesis is arranged numerically according to the order in which the sources were first cited in the text.

Examples of commonly cited documents

Book:

Proper punctuation should be followed for all citations.

Autor. Název knihy: podnázev. Vydání. Místo vydání: Nakladatel, rok vydání, počet stran. Edice. ISBN

In the case of a single author, write the name as follows: ACCEPTANCE, Name.
If there are more than one author and we want to list them, we write as follows: ACCEPTANCE, NAME, NAME ACCEPTANCE, NAME ACCEPTANCE...
We write the name in italics.

E-book:

The E-book citation record contains all the same attributes as a printed book, but a few extra pieces of information need to be added:

Autor. Název knihy: podnázev [online]. Vydání. Místo vydání: Nakladatel, rok vydání, počet stran [cit. RRRR-MM-DD]. Edice. ISBN. Dostupné z: URL

Journal Article:

Autor. Název článku: podnázev. Název časopisu: podnázev. Rok, ročník, číslo, rozsah stran článku. ISSN.

An article in an e-journal. Journal Article:

As with an e-book, we need to include a few extra pieces of information:

Autor. Název článku: podnázev. Název časopisu: podnázev [online]. Rok, ročník, číslo, rozsah stran článku [cit. RRRR-MM-DD]. ISSN. Dostupné z: DOI nebo URL.

Academic paper

Autor. Název: podnázev. Město, rok. Druh práce. Jméno instituce. Vedoucí práce.

Electronically published academic work

Autor. Název: podnázev [Druh nosiče]. Město, rok [datum citování]. Druh práce. Jméno instituce. Vedoucí práce. Dostupné z: URL

Citation managers

Don't despair, the work with citations is greatly simplified by freely available citation managers, which are great helpers when creating citations. The best known are the Czech citation.com, which even in its free version offers a lot of possibilities for work, or the foreign zotero

Recommended sources

If you want to learn more about creating citations, you can use e.g.:

KRATOCHVÍL, Jiří. How to cite [online]. Brno: Masaryk University, 2020 [cited 2022-05-19]. Available from: https://is.muni.cz/do/sukb/kuk/materialy/cze/Jak_citovat/index.html

KRČÁL, Martin and Zuzana TEPLÍKOVÁ. Learn (to) quote. Blansko: Citace.com, 2014. ISBN 978-80-260-6074-1.

BIERNÁTOVÁ, Olga and Jan SKŮPA. Bibliographic references and document citations according to ISO 690 (01 0197) valid from 1 April 2011 [online]. Brno, 2 September 2011 [cited 2022-05-19]. Available from: http://www.citace.com/CSN-ISO-690

A lot of information can also be found on the Moravian Library website.