yenya: dalsi prace na clanku

[pan12-paper.git] / yenya-detailed.tex

\section{Detailed Document Comparison}~\label{yenya}

\label{detailed}

The detailed comparison task of PAN 2012 consisted in a comparison
of given document pairs, with the expected output being the annotation of
similarities found between these documents.
The submitted program has been run in a controlled environment
separately for each document pair, without the possibility of keeping any
data between runs.

In this section, we describe our approach in the detailed comparison
task. The rest of this section is organized as follows: in the next
subsection, we summarise the differences from our previous approach.
In subsection \ref{sec-alg-overview}, we give an overview of our approach.
TODO napsat jak to nakonec bude.

\subsection{Differences Against PAN 2010}

Our approach in this task
is loosely based on the approach we have used in PAN 2010 \cite{Kasprzak2010}.
The main difference is that instead of looking for similarities of
one type (for PAN 2010, we have used word 5-grams),
we have developed a method of evaluating multiple types of similarities
(we call them {\it common features}) of different properties, such as
density and length.

As a proof of concept, we have used two types of common features: word
5-grams and stop-word 8-grams, the later being based on the method described in
\cite{stamatatos2011plagiarism}.

In addition to the above, we have made several minor improvements to the
algorithm, such as parameter tuning and improving the detections
merging in the post-processing stage.

\subsection{Algorithm Overview}
\label{sec-alg-overview}

The algorithm evaluates the document pair in several stages:

\begin{itemize}
\item tokenizing both the suspicious and source documents
\item forming {\it features} from some tokens
\item discovering {\it common features}
\item making {\it valid intervals} from common features
\item postprocessing
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Tokenization}

We tokenize the document into words, where word is a sequence of one
or more characters of the {\it Letter} Unicode class.
With each word, two additional attributes, needed for further processing,
are associated: the offset where the word begins, and the word length.

The offset where the word begins is not necessarily the first letter character
of the word itself. We have discovered that in the training corpus,
some plagiarized passages were annotated including the preceding
non-letter characters. We have used the following heuristics to add 
parts of the inter-word gap to the previous, or the next adjacent word:

\begin{itemize}
\item when the inter-word gap contains interpunction (any of the dot,
semicolon, colon, comma, exclamation mark, question mark, or quotes),
add the characters up to, and including the interpunction, to the previous
word, ignore the space character(s) after the interpunction, and add
the rest to tne next word.
\item otherwise, when the inter-word gap contains newline, add the character
before the first newline to the previous word, ignore the first newline
character, and add the rest to the next word.
\item otherwise, ignore the inter-word gap characters altogether.
\end{itemize}

When the detection program has been presented three different
files instead of two (meaning the third one is machine-translated
version of the second one), we have tokenized the translated document instead
of the source one. We have make use of the line-by-line alignment of the
source and machine-translated documents to transform the word offsets
and lengths in the translated document to the terms of the source document.

\subsection{Features}

We have used features of two types:

\begin{itemize}
\item Lexicographically sorted word 5-grams, formed of words at least
three characters long, and
\item unsorted stop-word 8-grams, formed from 50 most frequent words in English,
as described in \cite{stamatatos2011plagiarism}. We have further ignored
the 8-grams, formed solely from the six most frequent English words
(the, of, and, a, in, to), or the possessive {\it'{}s}.
\end{itemize}

We have represented each feature with the 32 highest-order bits of its
MD5 digest. This is only a performance optimization, targeted for
larger systems. The number of features in a document pair is several orders
of magnitude lower than $2^{32}$, so the probability of hash function
collision is low. For pair-wise comparison, it would be feasible to compare
the features directly instead of their MD5 sums.

Each feature has also the offset and length attributes.
Offset is taken as the offset of the first word in a given feature,
and length is the offset of the last character in a given feature
minus the offset of the feature itself.

\subsection{Common Features}

For further processing, we have taken into account only the features
present both in source and suspicious document. For each such
{\it common feature}, we have created the list of
$(\makebox{offset}, \makebox{length})$ pairs for the source document,
and a similar list for the suspicious document. Note that a given feature
can occur multiple times both in source and suspicious document.

\subsection{Valid Intervals}

To detect a plagiarized passage, we need to find a set of common features,
which map to a dense-enough interval both in the source and suspicious
document. In our previous work, we have presented the algorithm
for discovering these {\it valid intervals} \cite{Kasprzak2009a}.
A similar approach is used also in \cite{stamatatos2011plagiarism}.
Both of these algorithms use the features of a single type, which 
allows to use the ordering of features as a measure of distance.

When we use features of different types, there is no natural ordering
of them: for example, a stop-word 8-gram can span multiple sentences,
which can contain several word 5-grams. The assumption of both of the
above algorithms, that the last character of the previous feature
is before the last character of the current feature, is broken.

We have modified the algorithm for computing valid intervals with
multi-feature detection to use character offsets
only instead of feature order numbers. We have used valid intervals
consisting of at least 4 common features, with the maximum allowed gap
inside the interval (characters not belonging to any common feature
of a given valid interval) set to 4000 characters.

\subsection{Postprocessing}

In the postprocessing phase, we took the resulting valid intervals,
and made attempt to further improve the results. We have firstly
removed overlaps: if both overlapping intervals were
shorter than 300 characters, we have removed both of them. Otherwise, we
kept the longer detection (longer in terms of length in the suspicious document).

We have then joined the adjacent valid intervals into one detection,
if at least one of the following criteria has been met:
\begin{itemize}
\item the gap between the intervals contained at least 4 common features,
and it contained at least one feature per 10,000
characters\footnote{we have computed the length of the gap as the number
of characters between the detections in the source document, plus the
number of charaters between the detections in the suspicious document.}, or
\item the gap was smaller than 30,000 characters and the size of the adjacent
valid intervals was at least twice as big as the gap between them, or
\item the gap was smaller than 30,000 characters and the number of common
features per character in the adjacent interval was not more than three times
bigger than number of features per character in the possible joined interval.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Results}

These parameters were fine-tuned to achieve the best results on the training
corpus. With these parameters, our algorithm got the total plagdet score
of 0.7288 on the training corpus. The details of the performance of
our algorithm are presented in Table \ref{table-final}.
In the PAN 2012 competition, we have acchieved the plagdet score
of 0.6827, precision 0.8932, recall 0.5525, and granularity 1.0000.

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|r|}
\hline
&plagdet&recall&precision&granularity\\
\hline
whole corpus&0.7288&0.5994&0.9306&1.0007\\
\hline
01-no-plagiarism    &0.0000&0.0000&0.0000&1.0000\\
02-no-obfuscation   &0.9476&0.9627&0.9330&1.0000\\
03-artificial-low   &0.8726&0.8099&0.9477&1.0013\\
04-artificial-high  &0.3649&0.2255&0.9562&1.0000\\
05-translation      &0.7610&0.6662&0.8884&1.0008\\
06-simulated-paraphrase&0.5972&0.4369&0.9433&1.0000\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Performance on the training corpus}
\label{table-final}
\end{table}

\subsection{Other Approaches Explored}

There are several other approaches we have evaluated, but which were
omitted from our final submission for various reasons. We think mentioning
them here is worthwhile nevertheless.

\subsubsection{Intrinsic Plagiarism Detection}

Our approach is based on character $n$-gram profiles of the interval of
the fixed size (in terms of $n$-grams), and their differences to the
profile of the whole document \cite{pan09stamatatos}. We have further
enhanced the approach with using gaussian smoothing of the style-change
function \cite{Kasprzak2010}.

For PAN 2012, we have experimented with using 1-, 2-, and 3-grams instead
of only 3-grams, and using the different measure of the difference between
the n-gram profiles. We have used an approach similar to \cite{ngram},
where we have compute the profile as an ordered set of 400 most-frequent
$n$-grams in a given text (the whole document or a partial window). Apart
from ordering the set, we have ignored the actual number of occurrences
of a given $n$-gram altogether, and used the value inveresly
proportional to the $n$-gram order in the profile, in accordance with
the Zipf's law \cite{zipf1935psycho}.

This approach has provided more stable style-change function than
than the one proposed in \cite{pan09stamatatos}. Because of pair-wise
nature of the detailed comparison sub-task, we couldn't use the results
of the intrinsic detection immediately, therefore we wanted to use them
as hints to the external detection.

We have also experimented with modifying the allowed gap size using the
intrinsic plagiarism detection: to allow only shorter gap if the common
features around the gap belong to different passages, detected as plagiarized
in the suspicious document by the intrinsic detector, and allow larger gap,
if both the surrounding common features belong to the same passage,
detected by the intrinsic detector. This approach, however, did not show
any improvement against allowed gap of a static size, so it was omitted
from the final submission.

\subsubsection{Language Detection}

For language detection, we used the $n$-gram based categorization \cite{ngram}.
We have computed the language profiles from the source documents of the
training corpus (using the annotations from the corpus itself). The result
of this approach was better than using the stopwords-based detection we have
used in PAN 2010. However, there were still mis-detected documents,
mainly the long lists of surnames and other tabular data. We have added
an ad-hoc fix, where for documents having their profile too distant from all of
English, German, and Spanish profiles, we have declared them to be in English.

\subsubsection{Cross-lingual Plagiarism Detection}

For cross-lingual plagiarism detection, our aim was to use the public
interface to Google translate if possible, and use the resulting document
as the source for standard intra-lingual detector.
Should the translation service not be available, we wanted
to use the fall-back strategy of translating isolated words only,
with the additional exact matching of longer words (we have used words with
5 characters or longer).
We have supposed that these longer words can be names or specialized terms,
present in both languages.

We have used dictionaries from several sources, like
{\it dicts.info}\footnote{\url{http://www.dicts.info/}},
{\it omegawiki}\footnote{\url{http://www.omegawiki.org/}},
and {\it wiktionary}\footnote{\url{http://en.wiktionary.org/}}. The source
and translated document were aligned on a line-by-line basis.

In the final form of the detailed comparison sub-task, the results of machine
translation of the source documents were provided to the detector programs
by the surrounding environment, so we have discarded the language detection
and machine translation from our submission altogether, and used only
line-by-line alignment of the source and translated document for calculating
the offsets of text features in the source document. We have then treated
the translated documents the same way as the source documents in English.

\subsection{Performance Notes}

We consider comparing the performance of PAN 2012 submissions almost
meaningless, because any sane system would precompute features for all
documents in a given set of suspicious and source documents, and use the
results for pair-wise comparison, expecting that any document will take
part in more than one pair.

We did not use this exact split in our submission, but in order to be able
to evaluate various approaches faster, we have split our computation into
the following two parts: in the first part, common features have been
computed, and the results stored into a file\footnote{We have use the
{\tt Storable.pm} storage available in Perl.}. The second part
then used this data to compute valid intervals and do post-processing.

We did our development on a machine with four six-core AMD 8139 CPUs
(2800 MHz), and 128 GB RAM. The first phase took about 2500 seconds
on this host, and the second phase took 14 seconds. Computing the
plagdet score using the official script in Python took between 120 and
180 seconds, as there is no parallelism in this script.

When we have tried to use intrinsic plagiarism detection and language
detection, the first phase took about 12500 seconds. Thus omitting these
featurs clearly provided huge performance improvement.

The code has been written in Perl, and had about 669 lines of code,
not counting comments and blank lines.

\subsection{Further discussion}

As in our PAN 2010 submission, we tried to make use of the intrinsic plagiarism
detection, but despite making further improvements to the intrinsic plagiarism detector, we have again failed to reach any significant improvement
when using it as a hint for the external plagiarism detection.

In the full paper, we will also discuss the following topics:

\begin{itemize}
\item language detection and cross-language common features
\item intrinsic plagiarism detection
\item suitability of plagdet score\cite{potthastframework} for performance measurement
\item feasibility of our approach in large-scale systems
\item discussion of parameter settings
\end{itemize}

\nocite{pan09stamatatos}
\nocite{ngram}

\endinput

Co chci diskutovat v zaveru:
- nebylo mozno cachovat data
- nebylo mozno vylucovat prekryvajici se podobnosti
- cili udaje o run-time jsou uplne nahouby
- 669 radku kodu bez komentaru a prazdnych radku
- hranice mezi pasazema nekdy zahrnovala whitespace a nekdy ne.

Diskuse plagdet:
- uzivatele chteji "aby odevzdej ukazovalo 0\% shody", nezajima je
        co to cislo znamena
- nezalezi na hranicich detekovane pasaze
- false-positives jsou daleko horsi
- granularita je zlo

Finalni vysledky nad testovacim korpusem:

0.7288 0.5994 0.9306 1.0007   2012-06-16 02:23   plagdt recall precis granul
                            01-no-plagiarism     0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000
                            02-no-obfuscation    0.9476 0.9627 0.9330 1.0000
                            03-artificial-low    0.8726 0.8099 0.9477 1.0013
                            04-artificial-high   0.3649 0.2255 0.9562 1.0000
                            05-translation       0.7610 0.6662 0.8884 1.0008
                            06-simulated-paraphr 0.5972 0.4369 0.9433 1.0000

Vysledky nad souteznimi daty:
plagdet         precision       recall          granularity
0.6826726       0.8931670       0.5524708       1.0000000

Run-time:
12500 sekund tokenizace vcetne sc a detekce jazyka
2500 sekund bez sc a detekce jazyka
14 sekund vyhodnoceni valid intervalu a postprocessing


TODO:
- hranici podle hustoty matchovani
- xml tridit podle this_offset

Tady je obsah souboru JOURNAL - jak jsem meril nektera vylepseni:
=================================================================
baseline.py
0.1250 0.1259 0.9783 2.4460   2012-05-03 06:02   plagdt recall precis granul
                            01_no_plagiarism     1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
                            02_no_obfuscation    0.8608 0.8609 0.8618 1.0009
                            03_artificial_low    0.1006 0.1118 0.9979 2.9974
                            04_artificial_high   0.0054 0.0029 0.9991 1.0778
                            05_translation       0.0003 0.0002 1.0000 1.2143
                            06_simulated_paraphr 0.0565 0.0729 0.9983 4.3075

valid_intervals bez postprocessingu (takhle jsem to poprve odevzdal)
0.3183 0.2034 0.9883 1.0850   2012-05-25 15:25   plagdt recall precis granul
                            01_no_plagiarism     1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
                            02_no_obfuscation    0.9861 0.9973 0.9752 1.0000
                            03_artificial_low    0.4127 0.3006 0.9975 1.1724
                            04_artificial_high   0.0008 0.0004 1.0000 1.0000
                            05_translation       0.0001 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000
                            06_simulated_paraphr 0.3470 0.2248 0.9987 1.0812

postprocessed (slucovani blizkych intervalu)
0.3350 0.2051 0.9863 1.0188   2012-05-25 15:27   plagdt recall precis granul
                            01_no_plagiarism     1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
                            02_no_obfuscation    0.9863 0.9973 0.9755 1.0000
                            03_artificial_low    0.4541 0.3057 0.9942 1.0417
                            04_artificial_high   0.0008 0.0004 1.0000 1.0000
                            05_translation       0.0001 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000
                            06_simulated_paraphr 0.3702 0.2279 0.9986 1.0032

whitespace (uprava whitespaces)
0.3353 0.2053 0.9858 1.0188   2012-05-31 17:57   plagdt recall precis granul
                            01_no_plagiarism     1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
                            02_no_obfuscation    0.9865 0.9987 0.9745 1.0000
                            03_artificial_low    0.4546 0.3061 0.9940 1.0417
                            04_artificial_high   0.0008 0.0004 1.0000 1.0000
                            05_translation       0.0001 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000
                            06_simulated_paraphr 0.3705 0.2281 0.9985 1.0032

gap_100: whitespace, + ve valid intervalu dovolim mezeru 100 petic misto 50
0.3696 0.2305 0.9838 1.0148   2012-05-31 18:07   plagdt recall precis granul
                            01_no_plagiarism     1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
                            02_no_obfuscation    0.9850 0.9987 0.9717 1.0000
                            03_artificial_low    0.5423 0.3846 0.9922 1.0310
                            04_artificial_high   0.0058 0.0029 0.9151 1.0000
                            05_translation       0.0001 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000
                            06_simulated_paraphr 0.4207 0.2667 0.9959 1.0000

gap_200: whitespace, + ve valid intervalu dovolim mezeru 200 petic misto 50
0.3906 0.2456 0.9769 1.0070   2012-05-31 18:09   plagdt recall precis granul
                            01_no_plagiarism     1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
                            02_no_obfuscation    0.9820 0.9987 0.9659 1.0000
                            03_artificial_low    0.5976 0.4346 0.9875 1.0139
                            04_artificial_high   0.0087 0.0044 0.9374 1.0000
                            05_translation       0.0001 0.0001 1.0000 1.0000
                            06_simulated_paraphr 0.4360 0.2811 0.9708 1.0000

gap_200_int_10: gap_200, + valid int. ma min. 10 petic misto 20
0.4436 0.2962 0.9660 1.0308   2012-05-31 18:11   plagdt recall precis granul
                            01_no_plagiarism     1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
                            02_no_obfuscation    0.9612 0.9987 0.9264 1.0000
                            03_artificial_low    0.7048 0.5808 0.9873 1.0530
                            04_artificial_high   0.0457 0.0242 0.9762 1.0465
                            05_translation       0.0008 0.0004 1.0000 1.0000
                            06_simulated_paraphr 0.5123 0.3485 0.9662 1.0000

no_trans: gap_200_int_10, + nedetekovat preklady vubec, abych se vyhnul F-P
0.4432 0.2959 0.9658 1.0310   2012-06-01 16:41   plagdt recall precis granul
                            01_no_plagiarism     1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
                            02_no_obfuscation    0.9608 0.9980 0.9263 1.0000
                            03_artificial_low    0.7045 0.5806 0.9872 1.0530
                            04_artificial_high   0.0457 0.0242 0.9762 1.0465
                            05_translation       0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000
                            06_simulated_paraphr 0.5123 0.3485 0.9662 1.0000


swng_unsorted se stejnym postprocessingem jako vyse "whitespace"
0.2673 0.1584 0.9281 1.0174   2012-05-31 14:20   plagdt recall precis granul
                            01_no_plagiarism     0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000
                            02_no_obfuscation    0.9439 0.9059 0.9851 1.0000
                            03_artificial_low    0.3178 0.1952 0.9954 1.0377
                            04_artificial_high   0.0169 0.0095 0.9581 1.1707
                            05_translation       0.0042 0.0028 0.0080 1.0000
                            06_simulated_paraphr 0.1905 0.1060 0.9434 1.0000

swng_sorted
0.2550 0.1906 0.4067 1.0253   2012-05-30 16:07   plagdt recall precis granul
                            01_no_plagiarism     0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000
                            02_no_obfuscation    0.6648 0.9146 0.5222 1.0000
                            03_artificial_low    0.4093 0.2867 0.8093 1.0483
                            04_artificial_high   0.0454 0.0253 0.4371 1.0755
                            05_translation       0.0030 0.0019 0.0064 1.0000
                            06_simulated_paraphr 0.1017 0.1382 0.0814 1.0106

sort_susp: gap_200_int_10 + postprocessing tridim intervaly podle offsetu v susp, nikoliv v src
0.4437 0.2962 0.9676 1.0308   2012-06-01 18:06   plagdt recall precis granul
                            01_no_plagiarism     1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
                            02_no_obfuscation    0.9641 0.9987 0.9317 1.0000
                            03_artificial_low    0.7048 0.5809 0.9871 1.0530
                            04_artificial_high   0.0457 0.0242 0.9762 1.0465
                            05_translation       0.0008 0.0004 1.0000 1.0000
                            06_simulated_paraphr 0.5123 0.3485 0.9662 1.0000

post_gap2_16000: sort_susp, + sloucit dva intervaly pokud je < 16000 znaku a mezera je jen polovina velikosti tech intervalu (bylo 4000)
0.4539 0.2983 0.9642 1.0054   2012-06-01 18:09   plagdt recall precis granul
                            01_no_plagiarism     1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
                            02_no_obfuscation    0.9631 0.9987 0.9300 1.0000
                            03_artificial_low    0.7307 0.5883 0.9814 1.0094
                            04_artificial_high   0.0480 0.0247 0.9816 1.0078
                            05_translation       0.0008 0.0004 1.0000 1.0000
                            06_simulated_paraphr 0.5133 0.3487 0.9721 1.0000

post_gap2_32000: sort_susp, + sloucit intervaly < 32000 znaku a mezera aspon polovina velikosti
0.4543 0.2986 0.9638 1.0050   2012-06-01 18:12   plagdt recall precis granul
                            01_no_plagiarism     1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
                            02_no_obfuscation    0.9628 0.9987 0.9294 1.0000
                            03_artificial_low    0.7315 0.5893 0.9798 1.0085
                            04_artificial_high   0.0480 0.0247 0.9816 1.0078
                            05_translation       0.0008 0.0004 1.0000 1.0000
                            06_simulated_paraphr 0.5138 0.3487 0.9763 1.0000

post_gap2_64000: sort_susp, + sloucit intervaly < 32000 znaku a mezera aspon pol
ovina velikosti
0.4543 0.2988 0.9616 1.0050   2012-06-01 18:21   plagdt recall precis granul
                            01_no_plagiarism     1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
                            02_no_obfuscation    0.9603 0.9987 0.9248 1.0000
                            03_artificial_low    0.7316 0.5901 0.9782 1.0085
                            04_artificial_high   0.0480 0.0247 0.9816 1.0078
                            05_translation       0.0008 0.0004 1.0000 1.0000
                            06_simulated_paraphr 0.5138 0.3487 0.9763 1.0000

post_gap1_2000: post_gap2_32000, + spojit bez podminek veci co maji mezeru pod 2000 (bylo 600)
0.4543 0.2986 0.9635 1.0050   2012-06-01 18:29   plagdt recall precis granul
                            01_no_plagiarism     1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
                            02_no_obfuscation    0.9628 0.9987 0.9294 1.0000
                            03_artificial_low    0.7315 0.5895 0.9794 1.0085
                            04_artificial_high   0.0480 0.0247 0.9816 1.0078
                            05_translation       0.0008 0.0004 1.0000 1.0000
                            06_simulated_paraphr 0.5138 0.3487 0.9763 1.0000